In the brain ("brain surgery") some of the conditions commonly seen include:
- Brain aneurysms - weaknesses on blood vessels that can burst, leading to death or stroke 
 - Carotid stenosis - narrowing of the arteries supplying the brain, possible leading to stroke or a warning 'TIA' 
 - Vascular malformations - which can bleed - some are congenital (meaning we are born with them), and some develop later in life 
 -  Brain tumours- both benign (often curable with surgery) and malignant ( often incurable, but sometimes controllable with surgery) 
 -  Acoustic neuromas- a kind of tumour at the base of the brain, related to the hearing nerves 
 -  Trigeminal neuralgia- terrible 'spasms' of facial pain that are curable with surgery 
 - Hemifacial spasm - involuntary twitching on one side of the  face - often curable with surgery 
 -  Hydrocephalus- a build up of fluid in the brain -  treatable with an endoscope (a surgical camera) or with a shunt (to divert the fluid) 
 - Head injury - blood clots ('haematomas') can develop after a head injury and some need to be removed with surgery